Oligoanuria
This is the term that refers to low to no urine output.
In infants and children, significant oliguria is defined as a 24- hour urine output less than 15 ml/ kg body weight.
Anuria is total absence of urine.
During the first 48 hours of life, the urine output is normally low.
beyond this period, urine output must be normal.
The most common cause of acute oliguria is extracellular fluid volume reduction from diarrheal dehydration, blood loss, burns or heart failure. This is prerenal oliguria.
Furthermore, the renal causes include:
– congenital anomalies like cystic disease and agenesis
– glomerulonephritis
– renal vein thrombosis
– drug nephrotoxicity
On the other hand, the postrenal oliguria maybe because of lithiasis and trauma.
The average 24-hour urine output in infants and children is:
* Birth to 48 hours of age- 15-60 ml
* 3-10 days =100-300 ml
* 10 days to 2 mos= 250-450 ml
* 2mos to 1 yr= 400-500 ml
* 1-3 years =500-600 ml
* 3-5 years=-600-700 ml
* 5-8 years=-650-1000 ml
* 8-14 years=-800 to 1400 ml
Severe oligoanuria is always an urgent matter that needs immediate intervention.
Its prognosis depends upon the cause and the promptness of therapy.
If left untreated, it may end up with cortical necrosis and residual damage to the kidneys.